Jonsson (2019:122-123): “The imminent sense of threat among the Russian leaders has also been an essential part of the Russian conduct of information warfare. Because it perceived it lost the First Chechen War due to a lack of morale, which came from open traditional media and the free movement of journalists in the conflict zone, the leadership restricted broadcasting and used loyal journalists in the Second Chechen War. Because Russia felt it lost the global information battle in the war in Georgia, it significantly increased Sputnik (a government-run international news agency) and RT’s international operations. Because it believed the Arab Spring and the protests in the Russian elections of 2011-12 were organized on social media, the leadership increased restrictions and created its own organization (the Internet Research Agency) to combat grassroots dissent internationally.”
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